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Coroa do Frade (Portugal)
1. Coroa do Frade (The Friar’s Crown): another proto-historic victim of the metal detectors in the west region of Évora (Central Alentejo, Portugal)
Mario Carvalho
1 - The landscape and archaeological context of Coroa do Frade
The archaeological landscape in the west region of Évora county, located in the last eastern counters of Monfurado Hills and adjacent peneplains, is one of the most rich and diverse in all the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. This territory, where the fortified settlement of Coroa do Frade is included, is in the western surrounding of a true natural crossroad - the only confluence point from the water basins of the three major rivers of southern Portugal, where the lines of natural transitivity (water divides and watercourses) coming from the estuaries of the Tagus, Sado and Guadiana into to the interior of Alentejo, cross. This geographical factor associated with another one, the landscape (the prominent granite outcrops of the Évora region), seems to have contributed a great deal to the archaeological richness of this region (Calado, 2005).
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About 11 kilometers to southwest of the city of Évora and located in the center of a territory which is, in terms of pre-and proto-historical occupation and in the number and variety of megalithic monuments (funeral and non funeral), the most rich region in the Évora district, the settlement of Coroa do Frade accounts, in its direct surroundings, with truly exceptional elements: a few 2.5 kilometers west is located the megalithic enclosure of Almendres - the largest and most complex monument of its gender in the Iberian Peninsula; 2 kilometers to the east, in the adjacent valley to the relief of Coroa do Frade, is the Anta Grande do Zambujeiro (Big Dolmen of Zambujeiro) – one of the highest dolmens in the world. |
Identified during the 50’s of the twentieth century (1957) by José Ventura Fernandes and excavated during the 70’s of the same century (1971 and 1972), by José Morais Arnaud, Coroa do Frade is the largest Bronze Age fortified settlement, known in the municipality of Évora. According to the excavation of José Morais Arnaud (Arnaud, 1979) the settlement of Coroa do Frade was built during the end of the Bronze Age and occupied, continuously, until the beginning of the Iron Age (somewhere between the beginning of the X century BC and until the end of the VIII century BC). Located in a prominent hill, adjacent to the stream of Valverde, the site presents a complex defensive fortified system, which consists of a main line of stonewall, strengthened in various sectors by secondary lines and sub-circular towers.
The archeological data collected during the excavations of José Morais Arnaud (made without the use of the current archeological methodologies of record and excavation by natural stratigraphic units) includes a particularly large and rich estate, especially given the ratio between the excavated areas and the number of bronze, copper and iron artifacts recovered. This estate is abundant in pottery, manual and wheel made, with the strong presence of bowls, elongated nipples, and extroverted boards, flat bottoms, polished and incised decorations. The articles of metal are exceptionally abundant and well preserved, it was even identified, in 1971, a mold for the manufacture of bronze articles. The collection on these two campaigns of excavation by José Morais Arnaud is currently on deposit in the Évora Museum.
2 – Coroa do Frade: the report of a barbaric act
In January 2009, during the work of archeological prospection developed by the Municipality of Évora, the fortified settlement of Coroa do Frade was visited by the city hall’s archaeology team. The occasional visitors, whose purpose was the collection of photographs, both from the archaeological site and from its surrounding landscape, soon faced with an unexpected scene: the site was at loot, having recently been subject to a professional and methodical looting campaign, carried out by individuals who used metal detectors and whose sole purpose was the unlawful collection of articles on gold, silver, copper, bronze and iron, whether for personal collecting or for the future sale in illicit antiquities markets (or directly to the local private collectors).

The archeologists recorded hundreds of large criminal "holes", many of them opened until the geological substrate. This phenomenon, by its destructive and systematic nature, may invalidate the achievement of future research projects aimed at archaeological excavation and study of this important site because, apparently, there is not one square meter of archaeological stratigraphy that hasn’t been amputated.
The use of metal detectors is an illegal method, both in the national territory and in most other EU countries and the Portuguese law, in theory, severely sanctions those who commit such crimes against the archaeological heritage (Attached is the National Legislation on the use of metal detectors at archaeological sites and the crimes of destruction of archaeological remains).

The city hall archeologists carried out an extensive collection of classifiable archaeological material that, by their low commercial value (pottery and lithic material), was left by the offenders at the site. The succeeded was notified to the competent authority, IGESPAR (Instituto de Gestão do Património Arqueológico e Arquitectónico), who will follow the legal process.
The Évora City Hall decided to carry out archaeological excavations in the site, scheduled for September 2009, in an attempt to better understand the full extension and impact of this barbarian act in the archaeological stratigraphy of one of the most important Bronze Age sites in Central Alentejo.

Anexo: Lei nº 121/99 da Lei Geral da República, Artigos 1 a 10 e Lei de Bases do Património, Artigo 103º.
Lei nº 121/99, de 20 de Agosto:
Utilização de detectores de metais
A Assembleia da República decreta, nos termos da alínea c) do artigo 161.º da Constituição, para valer como lei geral da República, o seguinte:
Artigo 1.º
Utilização de detectores de metais
Artigo 2.º
Licenciamento
Artigo 3.º
Publicidade e comercialização
Artigo 4.º
Fiscalização
A fiscalização do cumprimento das disposições da presente lei compete ao organismo a quem cabe a protecção do património cultural, junto do qual poderão ser apresentadas queixas ou participações pela violação do disposto nesta lei.
Artigo 5.º
Contra-ordenações
Artigo 6.º
Sanções acessórias
Artigo 7.º
Competência
Artigo 8.º
Direito subsidiário
A tudo o que não se encontrar especialmente regulado nos artigos precedentes é aplicável o regime geral das contra-ordenações.
Artigo 9.º
Receitas
A receita das coimas reparte-se em 60% para o Estado e em 40% para o organismo a quem cabe a protecção do património cultural.
Artigo 10.º
Entrada em vigor
A presente lei entra em vigor 90 dias após a sua publicação. Aprovada em 1 de Julho de 1999.
O Presidente da Assembleia da República, António de Almeida Santos. Promulgada em 30 de Julho de 1999.
Lei de Bases do Património
Artigo 103.º:
Crime de destruição de vestígios
Quem, por inobservância de disposições legais ou regulamentares ou providências limitativas decretadas em conformidade com a presente lei, destruir vestígios, bens ou outros indícios arqueológicos é punido com pena de prisão até 3 anos ou com pena de multa até 360 dias